Modern Theory Analysis on Philosophers versus Democracy

Modern Theory Analysis on Philosophers versus Democracy

Modern Theory Analysis on Philosophers versus Democracy
A. Major philosophers and their ideas (for [Modern] Theory Analysis)

1. Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan
   Major idea/philosophy: “social contract theory” – Key contributions:
   1. justification of political principles (arrangements) through agreements made by (among) suitably situated rational, free, and equal persons
   2. argument that to avoid the chaos of every man looking out for himself (state of nature – a condition without government), humans should submit to the authority of an absolute—undivided and unlimited—sovereign power (otherwise there would be perpetual warre)
   3. inclusion of women (consideration of women as persons) to be involved in/when devising a social contract among persons (equality of all persons) – equality derived from possibility of being dominated and possibly dominating others
2. Jean Jacques Rousseau – The Social Contract
   Key contributions / philosophy / idea philosophy (our interest here: the general will)
   1. what the citizens of the state have decided together assembled and sovereign (democracy)
   2. an interested/value-free, transcendent incarnation of the citizens’ common interest (abstract, not grounded in anyone’s specific needs)
   3. process or deliberative means of seeking outcomes that satisfy the preferences of individuals and render the authority of the state legitimate
   4. conditions: ‘the general will must come from all and apply to all.’ that way, citizens, though guided by a consideration of what is in their own private interest, will make laws that secure common interest impartially, are not burdensome or intrusive – the laws citizens make they must live under

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