Globalization and Women Economic Citizenship
It is a summary of a chapter: Globalization and Women’s Economic Citizenship
Economic citizenship may be a contested and ill-defined concept— especially in the era of neoliberal globalization—but it has been conceptualized in a number of scholarly works and is contained in several international conventions. Broadly, social-economic rights constitute the third pillar of the rights of citizenship (the other two being civil rights and political rights) and include an array of social and labor rights, from the right to organize and form trade unions to the rights to education, training, health, and welfare. One of the most basic rights—the right to an occupation of one’s choice—spans civil and social-economic rights in that it entails control over one’s own body for freedom of movement and the ability to offer one’s labor power for various occupations and professions. In a capitalist world, workers are free to move from one job to another, although there are restrictions on labor mobility or migration across international borders. For women, patriarchal constraints have limited their mobility; control over their bodies and mobility by male kin or the state have effectively limited their citizenship rights, and the care work that women do across the world is typically unacknowledged as “work.” In some cultural contexts, including the MENA region, family laws continue to place women under the protection—or control—of male kin and require that they obtain the permission of their fathers or husbands to seek employment, sign a contract, or travel. As discussed in Chapter 2, Muslim family law may limit women’s portion of inherited family wealth, with the result that women are at a disadvantage, compared with males, when they try to start a business.
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